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Instead, it gets shoved around as the heated water rises and carries the toothpick along its surface. The Path of the Pole posits the theory that polar wandering is the primary cause for the dislocation of earth's continents. The tiny stick will be moved again and again as it is intercepted by other surface water currents.The ongoing rupture along the Atlantic Ocean bottom has been charted both by photographs and with sonar mapping devices. His evidence comes from many sources, chiefly the comparing of layers of the earth's crust from a variety of geographic locations around the world. Now when spun, the top has an axis different from the original.
The Americas are slowly moving away from the European continent. Matching samples from disconnected locations shows that in distant past ages land masses, which are separated from one another today, at one time were joined together on our planet's surface. These pressures cause fissures within the earth's crust which fill up with material from the molten center core. The water then drops back down to the pan's bottom. Mountains elevated in some areas while weaker surfaces crumpled downward becoming ocean floors. Although very scientific, I found it easy to understand because it is packed with illustrations, charts, diagrams, maps, and figures to help explain difficult concepts.
Using hollow drills, scientists bore deep holes in the earth and under ocean bottoms to bring up their samples. Plants and animals which could not adapt quickly enough became extinct. Over very long periods of time, its end points appear to move great distances over the earth.* In addition, the idea that the continents are slowly drifting over the earth's surface is accepted scientific dogma. Charles Hapgood's The Path of the Pole refers to the invisible but measurable magnetic axis, which runs through the earth from the Arctic to the Antarctic, but is constantly changing course. This can be demonstrated by dropping a toothpick into a pan of water that is boiling very slowly. It would seem obvious then that when these huge land masses moved and collided, great topographical changes took place. Accordingly, the earth's poles move. The pressure is not equally distributed because Antarctica is not displaced evenly around the South Pole.To relieve this uneven downward pressure at the pole, land masses over the equator are forced to bulge slightly outward due to the centrifugal force of the earth's spin.
Hapgood would begin his theory by showing that the continual piling up of ice and snow on Antarctica over enormous time periods exerts overwhelming downward pressure on the earth under the poles. This reviewer tends to think that melting polar ice caps would reduce downward pressure on Antarctica forcing the earth back into a more spherical form. On the other hand, the collision of the continental plates deep within the Pacific Ocean have also been mapped.But Hapgood would not agree that convection currents are solely responsible for continental drift. In some locations, their movement has been measured in inches; in others, by feet.Up until now, the explanation for this continental drift has been this: From deep within the earth's molten center, enormous convection currents rise up underneath the continents and shove them along.
What was once a warmer equatorial climate, now endured an ice age. * Scientists now believe that the tips of this pole are not static. Volcanoes are the result of the superheated core melting rock into magma, which eventually erupts outward as lava flow.The added mass to the equatorial regions causes a slight wobble in the earth which realigns its axis to establish equilibrium. Both surface and subterranean samples are contrasted.
Great lakes and seas came about. Movement of this type can be demonstrated by attaching a small piece of chewing gum to a top at its center. His book attempts to link two widely held ideas about this pole and about the earth's continents. Thus, the cycle continues today. In the recent Pleistocene era--the time period from 1.8 million to 10,000 years before our present time--The Path of the Pole posits three major positions of the North Pole before it came to rest at its present position: 1) the Yukon 2) the Greenland Sea 3) Hudson bay. Simply put, it would prove it in reverse. In a very real sense, this would not disprove Hapgood's theory. Depending on how far northward land moved, the climate on those masses would change accordingly.
The toothpick will not remain in place. I would highly recommend The Path of the Pole to anyone studying what causes continental drift, what causes shifts in earth's plates, why ice ages have come and gone, how various species arrived on different continents, what causes volcanoes, and most importantly--what the future of planet earth is.One might immediately question Hapgood's theory about downward pressure of snow and ice buildup at the poles considering todays global warming trend. Something made these continents separate and move toward the poles. Numerous displacements of the lithosphere (crust) could, in fact, constitute an essential, and perhaps even the basic, mechanism for the growth of continents. The Path of the Pole is a fascinating read involving physics, anthropology, and particularly geology. There would be less outward pressure along the equator and land masses would be forced to readjust.Other fascinating reads:The Rejection of Continental Drift: Theory and Method in American Earth ScienceThe Long Thaw: How Humans Are Changing the Next 100,000 Years of Earth's Climate (Science Essentials)
Instead, the evidence that he has gathered was done with the most diligent attention to detail and scientific method. Charles Hapgood was one of the most unassuming and intelligent professors in recent history. Dr. Dr. Years from now he will finally be given the credit that he deserves. This book as well as "Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings" never go to far into fantastical, untested theories as some main stream scientist would have us believe. Hapgood proposes the most logical and likely hypotheses to the exhaustive research that he has done. This is, without a doubt, the most important book on geology that I have ever read.
This means that the whole crust of the earth shifts. This book is great, it' a must read for everybody who is interested in cycles of glacialization (ice ages). Hapgood logically builds his case, first he gives information about the modern geology, plate tectonics and climate science, then he follows with the apparent anomalies of the ice age theories and climate change. Etc).Then he delivers his theary: Polar shift. in geology).Prof. (you can check the facts: mammoths lived in Alaska, when parts of North America was covered by 3 km thick ice sheet.
Only the speed of the shifts are assumed different from Hapgood proposal).I am not a true believer, but there's something strange with the ice ages, and Hapgood gives an answer. Prof. If you think it is a science-fiction, check TPW (true-polar-wander, it is measured by many scientist today. Mammoths also lived in islands of the artic see, which are nearly uninhabited today. Mammoths can not live in a tundra it needs so called mammoth steppe. If you are open minded to new ideas, buy this book, it's not new (a few decades old), but it is full of interesting ideas, full of references and full of science (don't be afraid, the book is readable without having a Ph.D.
Hapgood has an other book about this topic "Earth shifting Crust", but it is rarely available, and very expensive, so dear publishers it is time for a new edition.
Hapgood writes clear and understandeble about the fantastic history of earth. Theories so scaring and fantastic that they are hardly credible. His arguments are so well documented that this book made me change my understanding of the making of our prersent world.
It throws new light on the ice age theorys as there has been no accepted explanation for them to date. This is a very thorough book about the current theory of how pole shifts happen. Hapgood is the formost expert on the theory of having the Earth crust shift instead of the poles moving. This is a good read and adds another peice to the puzzle of periodic catastrophy the Earth goes through due to presence of Planet X every 3600 years. A must read.
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